The translation and dissemination of red thought in China is closely related to the children of Lingnan. Text/Photo Yangcheng Evening News All-Media Reporter Sun Lei
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The dissemination and practice of Marxism have profoundly changed China. Guangdong, located at the southern end of the motherland, is one of the main positions for the spread of red ideas.
In recent years, with the deepening of research on the dissemination of Lingnan red thought, Guangdong’s significance and role in the dissemination and practice of Marxism have gradually become prominent. The spread of red thought on the land of Lingnan not only starts early, has many talents, and has a wide range of dissemination, but is also closely integrated with revolutionary practice. From Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Sun Yat-sen, to Zhu Zhixin, Yang Gui’an, Ke Bonian, the outstanding Lingnan Ernest has greatly promoted the spread of red ideas in Guangdong and even the whole country, and has had a direct impact on the process of sinicization of Marxism.
The opening is
Cinema in the Wanmu Grass Cottage in Yuexiu, Guangzhou, with flowers and trees intertwined and antique. The statues of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao are placed in the northeast corner of the courtyard, and the master and apprentice sit one by one. Their exploration of socialist thought made Guangdong one of the earliest regions to translate and disseminate advanced modern ideas.
In 1884, Kang Youwei wrote the book of Datong. Cinema This article is in line with the ancient Chinese “Datong Thought” and is also clearly influenced by Western utopian socialism.
After the failure of the 1898 Reform Movement, Liang Qichao went into exile in Japan and began to come into contact with socialism. He organized scholars and students who were exiled to Japan to study Marxism together and translate related works. Zhao Bizhen, known as “the earliest disseminator of Marxism in China”, also participated. Under the guidance of Liang Qichao, Zhao Bizhen translated the first and second volumes of “Modern Socialism” and was finally published in Shanghai.
Wang Dongfeng, a professor at the School of Foreign Languages of Sun Yat-sen University, regards 1902 as a key node in the “introduction period” of Marxism. KomiksThis is mainly because Liang Qichao used the term “socialism” for the first time in the article “The Theory of Jie De, the Revolutionary Revolutionary” published in Xinmin Series in 1902. Therefore, Liang Qichao was also known as the first person to introduce Marx to China. Since then, he talked about Marx and his views many times in his writings, and also predicted in his articles: “Socialism will surely be magnificent in the 20th century.” This officially kicked off the spread of Marxism in China.
<aThe socialist movement that emerged around the world also attracted the attention of the democratic revolutionaries. Qiu Jie, a professor in the Department of History at Sun Yat-sen University, said that Sun Yat-sen had a good understanding of Marxism for a long time and was sympathetic to it. Sun Yat-sen also tried to combine socialism with the Chinese revolution, and the "people's livelihood" in his "Three Principles of the People" was based on socialist thought.
It should be said that the introduction of Marxism at this time was sporadic and distorted, and it was not systematic and incompletely accurate. Despite this, these advanced Guangdong people still let the Chinese know Marxism for the first time, laying the groundwork and preparing for the spread of Marxism in China.
The starting point of thought
On February 24, 1848, the “Communist Manifesto” (hereinafter referred to as the “Manifesto”) written by Marx and Engels was officially published. This is the first programmatic document of scientific socialism and it marks the birth of Marxism.
With the translation and introduction of the Manifesto, Guangdong ushered in the first small climax of the spread of Marxism between 1902 and 1912. Zhu Zhixin translated and introduced many Marxist-related articles at this stage, so he was called “the pioneer of the spread of Marxism in China.”
At present, the first fully recognized Chinese translation of the Manifesto is the translation of Chen Wangdao published in 1920. But before that, Zhu Zhixin, Chen Zhenfei and others from Guangdong were already translating the “Manifesto”. Although it was just a seminar translation, it also has extremely important historical significance for the spread of Marxism in China. Qiu Jie said that as early as 1912, Guangzhou Minsheng Daily published the first part of the Manifesto translated by Chen Zhenfei, which has strong theoretical significance: “This is the earliest selected version of the “Communist Manifesto” in China, and the previous academic community has not fully recognized its importance.” However, in Wang Dongfeng’s view, Zhu Zhixin was earlier than Chen Zhenfei. As early as November 1905, the official newspaper of the Tongmenghui, “Komiks”, published the “Biography of the German Social Revolutionary” written by Zhu Zhixin, which translated some of the contents, including the 10 programs in the second section of the Declaration, and introduced the key points of the Declaration, including the writing background and historical significance. Wang Dongfeng said that this is the first time that the Chinese have introduced the Declaration and directly translated some of its contents. Zhu Zhixin integrated his short life into the wave of the Chinese revolution and actively engaged in revolutionary theoretical propaganda work. He was called “the saint of the revolution” by Sun Yat-sen.
Chen WangThe translation of the “Manifesto” was during the period when the Communist Party of China was being established, and communist groups across the country were established. The Chinese translation of the Manifesto became very popular after its publication. This booklet with only more than 28,000 Chinese characters became the starting point of the Communist Party of China for creating revolutionary beliefs, and also made theoretical preparations for the founding of the Communist Party of China.
Wang Dongfeng believes that the translation and dissemination of the Manifesto are step by step. If the Guangdong people had not laid the early preparation for the Marxist festival translation, there would have been no later translation by Chen Wangdao: “Although the work done in Guangdong in the early days is a scattered, it is an indispensable basic work. It can be said that Guangdong played a revolutionary role in the translation and dissemination of Marxism in China.”
On November 11, 1919, Yang Gui’an introduced Marxism in the “Guangdong China News Agency” and provided by Wei Fatu. Translation climax
With the outbreak of the October Revolution and the May Fourth Movement in Russia, the translation and introduction of Marxism in China were fully launched, and Guangdong also ushered in the second translation climax. Yang Ji’an, Ke Bonian, Tang Chengbo and others began to turn to translate other related works by Marx himself.
“Socialism has been lost in theory and reality. The worker regards the book “Das Kapital” as a classic… Ma’s materialistic view of history as a classic, and his achievements in observing economic conditions in Britain and France, thus forming a worldview with the main content of economics. This is why it is called scientific socialism.” On November 11, 1919, Yang YuKomiks published an article in “Maxism (scientific socialism)” (hereinafter referred to as “Maxism”) in the Guangdong China News Agency. The article only has more than 300 words, but has a far-reaching impact. This is the earliest article in South China to systematically introduce Marxism.
The article appeared immediately after Li Dazhao published the article “My Marxist View” in “New Youth”. Therefore, Yang Ji’an was also called “Southern Yang and North Li” together with Li Dazhao. “Maxism” and Yang Gui’an’s other articles introducing Marxism were established, together with his “South China System Introduction to Horses”The historical status of the first person in XX.
According to Wang Dongfeng, from July 12 to December 15, 1919, Yang Gui’an published more than 40 articles in the column of “Popular University” supplement of the “Guangdong China News Agency” with the World Theory as the general title, introducing Marxist socialism in detail.
After the May Fourth Movement, Yang Gui’an wrote and compiled a large number of articles promoting and introducing Marxism, which greatly promoted the widespread MarxismCinema spread, which also inspired the revolutionary enthusiasm of the entire South China region.
In 1929, Yang Gui’an came to Shanghai to participate in the publication of the Communist Party of China. During this period, he compiled and published more than 200,000 words of “Essentials of Western History”, which was also the earliest Western history work written by China using the Marxist materialist historical view. “When Mao Zedong was in the Central Soviet Area, he also asked someone to bring this book to him. “Fu Xiuhai, a professor at the Chinese Department of South China Agricultural University, mentioned.
The Yang Family Temple, located at No. 116 Yuehua Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, has been renovated. Entering the Yang Ni’an’s former residence exhibition hall, there is a long luminous oil lamp on the desk in the study on the second floor. The audience seems to be able to see Yang Ni’an working at the desk at that time. This lamp is like his spirit, Cinema forever.
There is a long luminous oil lamp in the exhibition hall of Yang Gui’an’s former residence
Turning to the whole country
After the May Fourth Movement, the spread of Marxism in Guangdong was centered on Guangzhou, with a spread throughout the province, and it also affected neighboring Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hong Kong and other places, which had an important impact nationwide.
Wei Fapu, associate professor of the Party History and Party Building Teaching and Research Department of the Guangdong Provincial Party School (Guangdong Administrative College), believed that the spread of Guangdong’s red thought at that time showed the characteristics of wide communication subjects and wide communication scope: “At that time, the political environment conditions in Guangdong were relatively loose, and both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party supported the spread of Marxism. Therefore, when other parts of the country severely suppress the spread of Marxism, Guangdong can spread it publicly. ”
Wei Fapu said that during this period, Guangdong’s newspaper industry was very developed, with a large number of newspapers and publications appearing, and the distribution scope of many newspapers and magazines was nationwide, providing solid conditions for the dissemination of Marxism.
At the same time, a large number of translation talents emerged in Guangdong, such as Tang Chengbo who translated and published “The Theory and Implementation of Leninism”, Li Chunfan (Ke Bonian) successively translated and published “National and Revolution” and “Godat Program Criticism”, and Xiong Rui translated”The Materialistic View of History” was published. In addition, during this period, Guangdong gathered talents from all over the country. Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Qu Qiubai, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others all carried out revolutionary activities in Guangdong, which effectively promoted the spread of Marxism.
“Guangdong is still the main battlefield for opposing various erroneous thoughts.” Wei Fapu said that during the spread of Marxism in China, it has actually been disturbed by various misunderstandings and even misconceptions. “At that time, Chen Duxiu had a debate on the issue of anarchism with Qu Shengbai. The two of them mainly fought with Guangdong Qunbao as the position. Later, the content of this debate was published in the 9th and 4th volume of “New Youth”, with the title of “Discussion on Anarchism”, which produced a nationwide impact on Komiks.” In the view of Wei Fapu, what is more important is that Guangdong not only spreads Marxism, but also gave birth to the sinicization of Marxism during the dissemination process. Guangdong’s rich revolutionary practice provides a practical basis for the sinicization of Marxism. In the process of accepting and spreading Marxism, the Chinese Communists actively explored the revolutionary path of China, especially marked by Mao Zedong’s article “Analysis of All Classes in Chinese Society” in Guangzhou, which started the process of sinicization of Marxism.
Interview
Guangdong plays a role in the spread of red ideas.
Wang Dongfeng (Professor of the School of Foreign Languages, Sun Yat-sen University)
Yangcheng Evening NewsBabaylan: When it comes to the translation and dissemination of Marxism in China, what aspects does Guangdong’s influence mainly reflect?
Wang Dongfeng: After we did the research, we found that the role played by Guangdong in this regard can be said to be decisive and played the role of “sparkling fire”! But many people haven’t realized this yet.
To a certain extent, the spark that Marxism was translated and spread in China was lit by Guangdong people. It was scattered before and had no clear political purpose, but Guangdong intellectuals accepted Marxism with progressive political pursuits. Like Liang Qichao who was exiled to Japan, he originally sought reforms, and Zhu Zhixin and Liao Zhongkai actively translated socialism because they wanted to find a way to save the nation in China.
In the process of igniting the spark, Liang Qichao led the first ball, Zhu Zhixin, Song Jiaoren, Liao Zhongkai, and Sun Yat-sen, and finally formed a prairie fire. The intellectual elites in Guangdong who participated in Marxist translation also include Huang Lingshuang, Hu Hanmin, Chen Zhenfei, Ke Bonian, Xiong Rui, Du Guosheng, Xu Dixin and others.
Yangcheng Evening News: Guangdong TsubasaWhat are the characteristics and advantages of XX translation and communication?
Wang Dongfeng: Guangdong is direct contact and direct translation, while Beijing is almost doing secondary interpretation and only after it is inspired by the KomiksKomiks. Li Dazhao later organized students to translate Marxism from German in Beijing, but was somewhat influenced by Guangdong.
In terms of time, Guangdong intellectuals’ translation of Marxism formed an economist effect, and finally spread to the north. Guangdong has a superior geographical location and is located in a coastal area. It has many people who stay in Japan and is more likely to come into contact with foreign ideas. Its translation talents and mastery of foreign languages are also leading compared to the north. Guangdong people have always been relatively open and tolerant in their thinking, and they are easy to accept new things.
Yangcheng Evening News: How is the progress of the topic of “Translation and Communication of Marxism in Guangdong” you are currently engaged in?
Wang Dongfeng: The translation of Marxism in China involves a variety of foreign languages, mainly Japanese, German, Russian and English. Research requires interdisciplinary disciplines. People who only do foreign language research may not be familiar with historical fields such as Marxism. People who specialize in Marxism have difficulty in in-depth language.
We started this topic in 2020, centered on specific translators and organized ten multilingual research groups based on the foreign language conditions of each translator. All of them are first-hand information, and they find the translated original text for comparison and research. This scale and method are the only ones in the country.
There are so many things worth discovering Babaylan. Whether from China or from a global perspective, there is no doubt that Marxism has pointed out a correct path to development for us. But now many people have a barrier from Marxism, especially the younger generation. I hope more people can read the original text systematically. At the beginning of the last century, young intellectuals developed faith after they came into contact with Marxism, and they didn’t want to live for this belief, because they saw hope and light in Marxism: it turned out that the world could still be like this.
We study the translation and dissemination of Marxism in China, and we also hope to let students learn Marxism with a sense of problem, review the paths taken by revolutionary ancestors, and subtly receive Marxist education.
Extension
Guangdong translator stubbornly interprets how steel is made
In 1942, the first Chinese translation of the novel “How steel is made” written by Soviet writer Ostrovsky was released, and the translator was Mei Yi, a native of Chaozhou, Guangdong.
Under the arrangement of the party organization, from 1938 to 1941, Mei Yi worked hard to complete the “Iron and Steel”How to make it? At that time, he had to work during the day and run newspapers at night, so he could only squeeze in time to translate. For a while, my wife was ill and could not take care of her children, so Mei Yi had to hold the child in one hand and translate the book with the other. Later, Cinema Mei Yi’s wife and two young sons died one after another. He endured his grief and persisted in translating the novel with tenacious perseverance, answering “How is steel made” with practical actions.
The book caused a sensation as soon as it was released, and bookstores in the liberated areas reprinted one after another. Mei Yi’s translation is the most widely circulated and influential version in the country so far. “My whole life and all my energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world – to fight for the liberation of mankind.” This famous quote by the protagonist Paul Korchakin in the book inspired generations of young people to devote themselves to revolution and the construction of the motherland.
Paul spirit has long crossed the borders and space-time. Bai Jurong was one of the pioneers of Guangdong’s Cantonese Opera reform. He unfortunately blinded in 1946. However, after the founding of New China, he stubbornly returned to the stage and founded the Guangdong Cantonese Opera School. As the first artist party member of the Cantonese opera industry, Bai Jurong’s love for Cantonese opera and his love for the party’s cause have been unanimously praised by the opera industry, and the drama master Tian Han praised him as “Paul Kochakin of the Chinese literary and artistic circles.”
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“Literary and Historical Guangdong” http://wwwBabaylan.gdwsw.gov.cn/